Statin 類藥物廣泛被使用在高血脂、高膽固醇的病人身上,已經有許多的證據顯示 Statin 類藥物可以減少心血管疾病的發生機會。Statin 類藥物可以有效抑制肝臟合成低密度膽固醇 ( LDL ),也可以抑制 LDL 氧化、減少巨噬細胞吞噬氧化 LDL、減少血小板凝集及減少動脈粥狀硬化 [1]。Statin 類藥物也可以改變 apolipoprotein B/A1 比例,可以有效降低心肌梗塞及梗塞性腦中風的機會 [2]。回溯性研究顯示,每降低 10% LDL,每年可以減少 0.76% 內頸動脈內膜增厚 [3]。
1. 使用 Statin 類藥物降低腦中風發生的證據
2009 年 Lancet Neurology 的 meta-analysis 中顯示,Statin 對於梗塞性腦中風的初級和次級預防都有幫助,對於出血性腦中風的預防則沒有統計學上的意義。每降低 10% 的 LDL,可以減少 7.5% 中風機會;每降低 1mmol/L 的 LDL ( 39mg/dl ),可以減少 21.1% 中風機會 [4]。其他 Statin 和腦中風相關研究的次分析及分組研究,結果如表一所示 [5-10]:
(表一)
2. Statin 類藥物的安全性考量
Statin 類藥物的副作用包括肝臟酵素 ( GOT 和 GPT )上升、肌酸激酶 ( CPK ) 上升、及肌肉系統病變。常見的肌肉系統副作用包含肌痛、肌肉病變、及橫紋肌溶解症。單獨使用 Statins 造成上述副作用的機會非常低,在 SPARCL Trial 中顯示,使用 Atorvastatin 只有肝臟酵素上升比例較使用安慰劑組高 ( 2.2% vs. 0.4% ),及他常見副作用及肌肉系統疾病,兩組之間並無差異。其中使用 Atorvastatin 造成肌痛比例為 5.5%,肌肉病變為 0.3%,橫紋肌溶解比例為 0.1% [10]。
另一個讓人擔心的問題是,Statins 可以降低缺血性腦中風發生,卻會增加出血性腦中風機會 [11]。在解讀這類資訊時,要考慮除了藥物之外,有沒有其他干擾因子 ( confunding factor )。一般造成出血性腦中風最大原因是高血壓,再詳細分析使用 Statins 發生出血性腦中風的病人,其中男性、年長者、及高血壓的比例都較使用 Statins 未發生出血性腦中風組高。值得注意的是,出血性腦中風病人使用 Statins 會大幅增加再一次出血性腦中風的機會 ( odds ratio: 5.81, p < 0.001 )。
3. 使用 Statins 在特殊病人族群
過去關於 Statins 的研究中,發現 Statins 可能會造成高血糖及增加新發生糖尿病的機會 [12],儘管如此,使用 Statins 在糖尿病病人,依舊可以降低中風 ( relative risk reduction 30% ) 及心血管疾病 ( relative risk reduction 51% ) 發生機會 [13]。
各家 Statins 研究結果都一致指出,慢性腎臟病病人使用 Statins 可以增加病人的eGFR [14,15],當病人合併有糖尿病和慢性腎臟病時,使用 Statins 可以減少eGFR的下降 [16]。
當頸動脈狹窄的病人使用 Statin 類藥物,不僅可以降低膽固醇,也可以減少腦中風和心血管疾病的發生。SPARCL Trial 指出,頸動脈狹窄病人使用 Statins ,中風相對風險下降率為 33%,心血管疾病為42% [17]。
4. The lower, the better
使用 Statins 後目標要將 LDL 降到多低,過去我們常聽到「the lower, the better」 這個口號,在各大學會努力之下,健保給付規定終於修改到和國際指引比較相近。在SPARCL Trial 中發現,當LDL下降超過50%,中風發生機會明顯下降,當LDL可以控制在70mg/dl以下,中風機會也明顯下降 (表二) [18]
(表二)
總結來說,Statins 對腦中風的初級和次級預防非常重要,有心血管危險因子或心血管疾病患者應檢測血脂濃度,並積極使用 Statin 類藥物。在糖尿病、慢性腎病、及頸動脈狹窄病人也建議使用 Statins。
參考資料:
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- Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994 Nov 19;344(8934):1383-9
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